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dnmt1 sirna  (Santa Cruz Biotechnology)


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    Santa Cruz Biotechnology dnmt1 sirna
    Dnmt1 Sirna, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 57 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/dnmt1+sirna/Dnmt1+siRNA/pm41466054-307-5-8
    Average 93 stars, based on 57 article reviews
    dnmt1 sirna - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    93/100 stars

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    Negative Control:

    Article Title: Acetylation-enhanced Sp1 transcriptional activity suppresses Mlph expression.
    Article Snippet: Melan-a melanocytes were maintained in a RPMI-1640 (Welgene, Korea) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and (p/s; Welgene, Korea), 200 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; Sigma-Aldrich). .. DNMT1 siRNA was purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, sc-35203). siRNA oligonucleotides including negative control were synthesized by Bioneer (Daejeon, Korea). ..

    Article Title: Acetylation-enhanced Sp1 transcriptional activity suppresses Mlph expression
    Article Snippet: Melan-a melanocytes were maintained in a RPMI-1640 (Welgene, Korea) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and (p/s; Welgene, Korea), 200 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; Sigma-Aldrich). .. DNMT1 siRNA was purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, sc-35203). siRNA oligonucleotides including negative control were synthesized by Bioneer (Daejeon, Korea). ..

    Synthesized:

    Article Title: Acetylation-enhanced Sp1 transcriptional activity suppresses Mlph expression.
    Article Snippet: Melan-a melanocytes were maintained in a RPMI-1640 (Welgene, Korea) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and (p/s; Welgene, Korea), 200 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; Sigma-Aldrich). .. DNMT1 siRNA was purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, sc-35203). siRNA oligonucleotides including negative control were synthesized by Bioneer (Daejeon, Korea). ..

    Article Title: Acetylation-enhanced Sp1 transcriptional activity suppresses Mlph expression
    Article Snippet: Melan-a melanocytes were maintained in a RPMI-1640 (Welgene, Korea) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and (p/s; Welgene, Korea), 200 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; Sigma-Aldrich). .. DNMT1 siRNA was purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, sc-35203). siRNA oligonucleotides including negative control were synthesized by Bioneer (Daejeon, Korea). ..

    Incubation:

    Article Title: DNMT1-mediated regulation of somatostatin-positive interneuron migration impacts cortical architecture and function.
    Article Snippet: .. After 5–6 h of incubation (37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), MGE cells were transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, USA) and scrambled control siRNA oligos (15 nM, BLOCK-iTTM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) for 24 h using LipofectamineTM 3000 following the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). ..

    Article Title: DNMT1-mediated regulation of somatostatin-positive interneuron migration impacts cortical architecture and function
    Article Snippet: .. After 5–6 h of incubation (37 °C, 5% CO and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), MGE cells were transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, USA) and scrambled control siRNA oligos (15 nM, BLOCK-iT TM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) for 24 h using Lipofectamine TM 3000 following the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). .. For fixation, 4% PFA/1× PBS was applied for 10 min. Cortical cells plated at clonal density were incubated in culture medium (Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), and 0.4% methylcellulose (Sigma, USA)) for 5–6 h at 37 °C, 5% CO 2 , and 95% relative humidity.

    Article Title: DNMT1-Mediated Regulation of Inhibitory Interneuron Migration Impacts Cortical Architecture and Function
    Article Snippet: .. Transfection of MGE cells with siRNA oligos occurred after 5–6 h of incubation (37°C, 5% CO and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1x B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, U.S.A.) for 24 h. For this, the medium was supplemented with Lipofectamine TM 3000 in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher, U.S.A.) together with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, U.S.A.) and a scrambled control siRNA construct (15 nM, BLOCK-iT TM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher, U.S.A.). .. After 24 h MGE cells were fixated with 4% PFA/1x PBS for 10 min. Incubation of cortical cells plated at clonal density occurred at 37°C, 5% CO 2 and 95% relative humidity in culture medium (Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1x B27TM, 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, U.S.A.), and 0.4% methylcellulose (Sigma, U.S.A.)) for 24 h. Treatment of cortical single cells was conducted 5–6 h after plating.

    Transfection:

    Article Title: DNMT1-mediated regulation of somatostatin-positive interneuron migration impacts cortical architecture and function.
    Article Snippet: .. After 5–6 h of incubation (37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), MGE cells were transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, USA) and scrambled control siRNA oligos (15 nM, BLOCK-iTTM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) for 24 h using LipofectamineTM 3000 following the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). ..

    Article Title: HOXA2 exerts anti-renal fibrosis effects through reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress via the upregulation of SIRT1
    Article Snippet: .. HK-2 cells were transfected with DNMT1 siRNA (sc-35204; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) or control siRNA (sc-37007; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) in the TGF-β1 group and named the TGF-β1+siDNMT1 or TGF-β1+siNC group, respectively. .. All the plasmids were transfected at a dose of 2000 ng using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and all the siRNAs were transfected at a final concentration of 50 nmol/L with jetPRIME ® according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Article Title: HOXA2 exerts anti-renal fibrosis effects through reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress via the upregulation of SIRT1.
    Article Snippet: .. HK-2 cells were transfected with DNMT1 siRNA (sc-35204; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) or control siRNA (sc-37007; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) in the TGF-β1 group and named the TGF-β1+siDNMT1 or TGFβ1+siNC group, respectively. .. All the plasmids were transfected at a dose of 2000 ng using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and all the siRNAs were transfected at a final concentration of 50 nmol/L with jetPRIME® according to themanufacturer’s instructions.

    Article Title: DNMT1-mediated regulation of somatostatin-positive interneuron migration impacts cortical architecture and function
    Article Snippet: .. After 5–6 h of incubation (37 °C, 5% CO and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), MGE cells were transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, USA) and scrambled control siRNA oligos (15 nM, BLOCK-iT TM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) for 24 h using Lipofectamine TM 3000 following the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). .. For fixation, 4% PFA/1× PBS was applied for 10 min. Cortical cells plated at clonal density were incubated in culture medium (Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), and 0.4% methylcellulose (Sigma, USA)) for 5–6 h at 37 °C, 5% CO 2 , and 95% relative humidity.

    Article Title: DNMT1-Mediated Regulation of Inhibitory Interneuron Migration Impacts Cortical Architecture and Function
    Article Snippet: .. Transfection of MGE cells with siRNA oligos occurred after 5–6 h of incubation (37°C, 5% CO and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1x B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, U.S.A.) for 24 h. For this, the medium was supplemented with Lipofectamine TM 3000 in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher, U.S.A.) together with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, U.S.A.) and a scrambled control siRNA construct (15 nM, BLOCK-iT TM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher, U.S.A.). .. After 24 h MGE cells were fixated with 4% PFA/1x PBS for 10 min. Incubation of cortical cells plated at clonal density occurred at 37°C, 5% CO 2 and 95% relative humidity in culture medium (Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1x B27TM, 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, U.S.A.), and 0.4% methylcellulose (Sigma, U.S.A.)) for 24 h. Treatment of cortical single cells was conducted 5–6 h after plating.

    Control:

    Article Title: DNMT1-mediated regulation of somatostatin-positive interneuron migration impacts cortical architecture and function.
    Article Snippet: .. After 5–6 h of incubation (37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), MGE cells were transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, USA) and scrambled control siRNA oligos (15 nM, BLOCK-iTTM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) for 24 h using LipofectamineTM 3000 following the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). ..

    Article Title: HOXA2 exerts anti-renal fibrosis effects through reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress via the upregulation of SIRT1
    Article Snippet: .. HK-2 cells were transfected with DNMT1 siRNA (sc-35204; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) or control siRNA (sc-37007; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) in the TGF-β1 group and named the TGF-β1+siDNMT1 or TGF-β1+siNC group, respectively. .. All the plasmids were transfected at a dose of 2000 ng using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and all the siRNAs were transfected at a final concentration of 50 nmol/L with jetPRIME ® according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Article Title: HOXA2 exerts anti-renal fibrosis effects through reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress via the upregulation of SIRT1.
    Article Snippet: .. HK-2 cells were transfected with DNMT1 siRNA (sc-35204; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) or control siRNA (sc-37007; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) in the TGF-β1 group and named the TGF-β1+siDNMT1 or TGFβ1+siNC group, respectively. .. All the plasmids were transfected at a dose of 2000 ng using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and all the siRNAs were transfected at a final concentration of 50 nmol/L with jetPRIME® according to themanufacturer’s instructions.

    Article Title: DNMT1-mediated regulation of somatostatin-positive interneuron migration impacts cortical architecture and function
    Article Snippet: .. After 5–6 h of incubation (37 °C, 5% CO and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), MGE cells were transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, USA) and scrambled control siRNA oligos (15 nM, BLOCK-iT TM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) for 24 h using Lipofectamine TM 3000 following the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). .. For fixation, 4% PFA/1× PBS was applied for 10 min. Cortical cells plated at clonal density were incubated in culture medium (Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), and 0.4% methylcellulose (Sigma, USA)) for 5–6 h at 37 °C, 5% CO 2 , and 95% relative humidity.

    Article Title: Epigenetic alterations impede epithelial-mesenchymal transition by modulating centrosome amplification and Myc/RAS axis in triple negative breast cancer cells.
    Article Snippet: Trichostatin A (TSA), reagents for RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis Kit, Syber green for qRT-PCR, gene specific primer pairs were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. .. Anti-DNMT1, anti-HDAC1, mouse monoclonal anti-β-actin and Goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP antibodies, DNMT1 siRNA and scrambled (control) siRNA were purchased from Santa-Cruz Biotechnology. .. Anti-PARP (cleaved), anti-HDAC2, anti-E-cadherin, anti-N-cadherin, anti-vimentin, anti-α-tubulin, anti-γ-tubulin, antipericentrin, anti-TUBGCP2, anti-c-Myc, anti-Ras, anti-Cdk2 and anti-E2F1, anti-Bcl2 and anti-Bax antibodies were obtained from abcam.

    Article Title: DNMT1-Mediated Regulation of Inhibitory Interneuron Migration Impacts Cortical Architecture and Function
    Article Snippet: .. Transfection of MGE cells with siRNA oligos occurred after 5–6 h of incubation (37°C, 5% CO and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1x B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, U.S.A.) for 24 h. For this, the medium was supplemented with Lipofectamine TM 3000 in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher, U.S.A.) together with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, U.S.A.) and a scrambled control siRNA construct (15 nM, BLOCK-iT TM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher, U.S.A.). .. After 24 h MGE cells were fixated with 4% PFA/1x PBS for 10 min. Incubation of cortical cells plated at clonal density occurred at 37°C, 5% CO 2 and 95% relative humidity in culture medium (Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1x B27TM, 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, U.S.A.), and 0.4% methylcellulose (Sigma, U.S.A.)) for 24 h. Treatment of cortical single cells was conducted 5–6 h after plating.

    Blocking Assay:

    Article Title: DNMT1-mediated regulation of somatostatin-positive interneuron migration impacts cortical architecture and function.
    Article Snippet: .. After 5–6 h of incubation (37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), MGE cells were transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, USA) and scrambled control siRNA oligos (15 nM, BLOCK-iTTM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) for 24 h using LipofectamineTM 3000 following the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). ..

    Article Title: DNMT1-mediated regulation of somatostatin-positive interneuron migration impacts cortical architecture and function
    Article Snippet: .. After 5–6 h of incubation (37 °C, 5% CO and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), MGE cells were transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, USA) and scrambled control siRNA oligos (15 nM, BLOCK-iT TM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) for 24 h using Lipofectamine TM 3000 following the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). .. For fixation, 4% PFA/1× PBS was applied for 10 min. Cortical cells plated at clonal density were incubated in culture medium (Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1× B27TM, 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), and 0.4% methylcellulose (Sigma, USA)) for 5–6 h at 37 °C, 5% CO 2 , and 95% relative humidity.

    Article Title: DNMT1-Mediated Regulation of Inhibitory Interneuron Migration Impacts Cortical Architecture and Function
    Article Snippet: .. Transfection of MGE cells with siRNA oligos occurred after 5–6 h of incubation (37°C, 5% CO and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1x B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, U.S.A.) for 24 h. For this, the medium was supplemented with Lipofectamine TM 3000 in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher, U.S.A.) together with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, U.S.A.) and a scrambled control siRNA construct (15 nM, BLOCK-iT TM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher, U.S.A.). .. After 24 h MGE cells were fixated with 4% PFA/1x PBS for 10 min. Incubation of cortical cells plated at clonal density occurred at 37°C, 5% CO 2 and 95% relative humidity in culture medium (Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1x B27TM, 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, U.S.A.), and 0.4% methylcellulose (Sigma, U.S.A.)) for 24 h. Treatment of cortical single cells was conducted 5–6 h after plating.

    Construct:

    Article Title: DNMT1-Mediated Regulation of Inhibitory Interneuron Migration Impacts Cortical Architecture and Function
    Article Snippet: .. Transfection of MGE cells with siRNA oligos occurred after 5–6 h of incubation (37°C, 5% CO and 95% relative humidity) in Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1x B27TM, and 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, U.S.A.) for 24 h. For this, the medium was supplemented with Lipofectamine TM 3000 in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher, U.S.A.) together with Dnmt1 siRNA (30 nM, #sc-35203, Santa Cruz, U.S.A.) and a scrambled control siRNA construct (15 nM, BLOCK-iT TM Fluorescent Oligo, #2013, Thermo Fisher, U.S.A.). .. After 24 h MGE cells were fixated with 4% PFA/1x PBS for 10 min. Incubation of cortical cells plated at clonal density occurred at 37°C, 5% CO 2 and 95% relative humidity in culture medium (Neurobasal medium with phenol red, 1x B27TM, 0.25x GlutaMAX (Gibco, U.S.A.), and 0.4% methylcellulose (Sigma, U.S.A.)) for 24 h. Treatment of cortical single cells was conducted 5–6 h after plating.



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    93
    Santa Cruz Biotechnology sirna dnmt1
    ( a, b ) Exemplary brain sections (300 µm) from P5 brains of pups, which were intrauterine electroporated at E12.5 with either CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP ( a ) or <t>CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP</t> ( b ), followed by immunostaining for GFP (CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP/CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP, green), CTIP2 (red), and DAPI (blue). Distinct cortical layers are labeled from I to VI. Scale bars: 200 µm. ( c, d ) Exemplary images (left) and 3D-reconstructions (right) of exemplary GFP-positive laver V cortical neurons from the CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP ( c ) or the CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP ( d ) conditions at P5. The white/black arrow heads highlight basal dendrites. Scale bars: 10 µm. ( e ) Analysis of the absolute basal dendrite number. n (CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP) = 25 cells; n (CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP) = 25 cells. N = 4 experiments. Welch’s t-test, * p < 0.05. ( f, g ) Inverted microphotographs of exemplary βIII-tubulin immunocytochemically stained cortical neurons (E14.5 + 2 DIV) previously transfected with control ( f ) or Dnmt1 ( g ) siRNA at 1 DIV for 24 h. Scale bars: 20 µm. ( h-k ) Quantitative analysis of the length of the longest process ( h ), the number of processes ( i ), the branches normalized to the sum of the lengths of all processes (except the axon) presumably representing dendrites ( j ), and the branches per longest process length likely representing the axon ( k ). n (Ctrl siR) = 207 cells; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 197 cells. N = 3 experiments. Two-tailed Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
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    Image Search Results


    Effects of electroacupuncture (EA) combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on motor function and neuroregeneration-related protein expression in the HIBD-induced cerebral palsy rat model. A ) Behavioral assessments of rotarod latency, grid-walking test, and grip strength test across the Control, HIBD Model, EA, rTMS, and EA+rTMS groups. B ) Western blot analysis of protein expression levels for GAP-43, MBP, PI3K, total AKT, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), and DNMT1. C ) Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of mRNA expression levels for GAP-43, MBP, PI3K, total AKT, and DNMT1. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=6 rats per group); *p <0.05, ** *p <0.01, *** *p <0.001.

    Journal: European Journal of Histochemistry : EJH

    Article Title: Electroacupuncture combined with rTMS promotes neuronal regeneration via DNMT1-mediated PI3K-AKT pathway in cerebral palsy model

    doi: 10.4081/ejh.2026.4533

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of electroacupuncture (EA) combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on motor function and neuroregeneration-related protein expression in the HIBD-induced cerebral palsy rat model. A ) Behavioral assessments of rotarod latency, grid-walking test, and grip strength test across the Control, HIBD Model, EA, rTMS, and EA+rTMS groups. B ) Western blot analysis of protein expression levels for GAP-43, MBP, PI3K, total AKT, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), and DNMT1. C ) Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of mRNA expression levels for GAP-43, MBP, PI3K, total AKT, and DNMT1. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=6 rats per group); *p <0.05, ** *p <0.01, *** *p <0.001.

    Article Snippet: 3) Hypoxia + DNMT1-KD group: following 3 h of hypoxia, neurons were transfected with DNMT1 siRNA (100 nM total concentration, custom sequence; Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) using Lipofectamine 3000 (L3000015; ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) and Opti-MEM (31985070; ThermoFisher) for 6 h, then cultured for an additional 24 h in Neurobasal-A medium under normoxia.

    Techniques: Expressing, Control, Western Blot, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative RT-PCR

    Electroacupuncture (EA) combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) enhances neuronal regeneration and modulates DNMT1, GAP-43, and PI3K expression in the rat spinal cord and cerebral cortex. A ) Nissl staining showing neuronal morphology and density in the cerebral cortex across the Control, HIBD Model, EA, rTMS, and EA+rTMS groups, with the EA+rTMS group demonstrating the greatest improvement in neuronal integrity; magnification: 200×. B ) Immunofluorescence staining of DNMT1, GAP-43, and PI3K (with DAPI nuclear counterstain) in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex across all experimental groups; magnification: 200×. C ) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity for DNMT1, GAP-43, and PI3K from the immunofluorescence staining assays. Data are presented as mean ±SD (n=6 rats per group); * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001.

    Journal: European Journal of Histochemistry : EJH

    Article Title: Electroacupuncture combined with rTMS promotes neuronal regeneration via DNMT1-mediated PI3K-AKT pathway in cerebral palsy model

    doi: 10.4081/ejh.2026.4533

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Electroacupuncture (EA) combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) enhances neuronal regeneration and modulates DNMT1, GAP-43, and PI3K expression in the rat spinal cord and cerebral cortex. A ) Nissl staining showing neuronal morphology and density in the cerebral cortex across the Control, HIBD Model, EA, rTMS, and EA+rTMS groups, with the EA+rTMS group demonstrating the greatest improvement in neuronal integrity; magnification: 200×. B ) Immunofluorescence staining of DNMT1, GAP-43, and PI3K (with DAPI nuclear counterstain) in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex across all experimental groups; magnification: 200×. C ) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity for DNMT1, GAP-43, and PI3K from the immunofluorescence staining assays. Data are presented as mean ±SD (n=6 rats per group); * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001.

    Article Snippet: 3) Hypoxia + DNMT1-KD group: following 3 h of hypoxia, neurons were transfected with DNMT1 siRNA (100 nM total concentration, custom sequence; Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) using Lipofectamine 3000 (L3000015; ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) and Opti-MEM (31985070; ThermoFisher) for 6 h, then cultured for an additional 24 h in Neurobasal-A medium under normoxia.

    Techniques: Expressing, Staining, Control, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence

    DNMT1 knockdown enhances PI3K-AKT signaling and promotes axonal regeneration in hypoxia-exposed primary rat cortical neurons. A ) Western blot analysis of protein expression levels for DNMT1, PI3K, total AKT, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), and GAP-43 across the Control, Hypoxia, Hypoxia+DNMT1-KD, Hypoxia+DNMT1-OE, Hypoxia+PI3K Inhibition, and Hypoxia+DNMT1-KD+PI3K-OE groups, with corresponding quantitative analyses below. B ) Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of mRNA expression levels for DNMT1, PI3K, GAP-43, and total AKT in each experimental group. Data are presented as mean ±SD (n=6 independent replicates per group); * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001.

    Journal: European Journal of Histochemistry : EJH

    Article Title: Electroacupuncture combined with rTMS promotes neuronal regeneration via DNMT1-mediated PI3K-AKT pathway in cerebral palsy model

    doi: 10.4081/ejh.2026.4533

    Figure Lengend Snippet: DNMT1 knockdown enhances PI3K-AKT signaling and promotes axonal regeneration in hypoxia-exposed primary rat cortical neurons. A ) Western blot analysis of protein expression levels for DNMT1, PI3K, total AKT, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), and GAP-43 across the Control, Hypoxia, Hypoxia+DNMT1-KD, Hypoxia+DNMT1-OE, Hypoxia+PI3K Inhibition, and Hypoxia+DNMT1-KD+PI3K-OE groups, with corresponding quantitative analyses below. B ) Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of mRNA expression levels for DNMT1, PI3K, GAP-43, and total AKT in each experimental group. Data are presented as mean ±SD (n=6 independent replicates per group); * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001.

    Article Snippet: 3) Hypoxia + DNMT1-KD group: following 3 h of hypoxia, neurons were transfected with DNMT1 siRNA (100 nM total concentration, custom sequence; Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) using Lipofectamine 3000 (L3000015; ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) and Opti-MEM (31985070; ThermoFisher) for 6 h, then cultured for an additional 24 h in Neurobasal-A medium under normoxia.

    Techniques: Knockdown, Western Blot, Expressing, Control, Inhibition, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative RT-PCR

    DNMT1 knockdown promotes cell viability and axonal regeneration in hypoxia-exposed primary rat cortical neurons. A ) Cell viability detected by CCK-8 assay across the Control, Hypoxia, Hypoxia+DNMT1-KD, Hypoxia+DNMT1-OE, Hypoxia+PI3K Inhibition, and Hypoxia+DNMT1-KD+PI3K-OE groups. B ) Immunofluorescence staining showing the distribution and expression of DNMT1 (green) and GAP-43 (red), with DAPI (blue) nuclear counterstain and merged images; quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity for DNMT1 and GAP-43 is shown below; magnification: 200×. C ) Axonal length assessment via SAP102 staining (green) with DAPI (blue) nuclear counterstain, and corresponding quantitative analysis of axonal length; magnification: 200×. Data are presented as mean ±SD (n=6 independent replicates per group); * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001.

    Journal: European Journal of Histochemistry : EJH

    Article Title: Electroacupuncture combined with rTMS promotes neuronal regeneration via DNMT1-mediated PI3K-AKT pathway in cerebral palsy model

    doi: 10.4081/ejh.2026.4533

    Figure Lengend Snippet: DNMT1 knockdown promotes cell viability and axonal regeneration in hypoxia-exposed primary rat cortical neurons. A ) Cell viability detected by CCK-8 assay across the Control, Hypoxia, Hypoxia+DNMT1-KD, Hypoxia+DNMT1-OE, Hypoxia+PI3K Inhibition, and Hypoxia+DNMT1-KD+PI3K-OE groups. B ) Immunofluorescence staining showing the distribution and expression of DNMT1 (green) and GAP-43 (red), with DAPI (blue) nuclear counterstain and merged images; quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity for DNMT1 and GAP-43 is shown below; magnification: 200×. C ) Axonal length assessment via SAP102 staining (green) with DAPI (blue) nuclear counterstain, and corresponding quantitative analysis of axonal length; magnification: 200×. Data are presented as mean ±SD (n=6 independent replicates per group); * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001.

    Article Snippet: 3) Hypoxia + DNMT1-KD group: following 3 h of hypoxia, neurons were transfected with DNMT1 siRNA (100 nM total concentration, custom sequence; Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) using Lipofectamine 3000 (L3000015; ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) and Opti-MEM (31985070; ThermoFisher) for 6 h, then cultured for an additional 24 h in Neurobasal-A medium under normoxia.

    Techniques: Knockdown, CCK-8 Assay, Control, Inhibition, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Fluorescence

    ( a, b ) Exemplary brain sections (300 µm) from P5 brains of pups, which were intrauterine electroporated at E12.5 with either CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP ( a ) or CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP ( b ), followed by immunostaining for GFP (CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP/CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP, green), CTIP2 (red), and DAPI (blue). Distinct cortical layers are labeled from I to VI. Scale bars: 200 µm. ( c, d ) Exemplary images (left) and 3D-reconstructions (right) of exemplary GFP-positive laver V cortical neurons from the CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP ( c ) or the CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP ( d ) conditions at P5. The white/black arrow heads highlight basal dendrites. Scale bars: 10 µm. ( e ) Analysis of the absolute basal dendrite number. n (CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP) = 25 cells; n (CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP) = 25 cells. N = 4 experiments. Welch’s t-test, * p < 0.05. ( f, g ) Inverted microphotographs of exemplary βIII-tubulin immunocytochemically stained cortical neurons (E14.5 + 2 DIV) previously transfected with control ( f ) or Dnmt1 ( g ) siRNA at 1 DIV for 24 h. Scale bars: 20 µm. ( h-k ) Quantitative analysis of the length of the longest process ( h ), the number of processes ( i ), the branches normalized to the sum of the lengths of all processes (except the axon) presumably representing dendrites ( j ), and the branches per longest process length likely representing the axon ( k ). n (Ctrl siR) = 207 cells; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 197 cells. N = 3 experiments. Two-tailed Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: A cytosolic function of DNMT1 controls neuronal morphogenesis via microtubule regulation

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.19.683279

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a, b ) Exemplary brain sections (300 µm) from P5 brains of pups, which were intrauterine electroporated at E12.5 with either CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP ( a ) or CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP ( b ), followed by immunostaining for GFP (CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP/CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP, green), CTIP2 (red), and DAPI (blue). Distinct cortical layers are labeled from I to VI. Scale bars: 200 µm. ( c, d ) Exemplary images (left) and 3D-reconstructions (right) of exemplary GFP-positive laver V cortical neurons from the CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP ( c ) or the CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP ( d ) conditions at P5. The white/black arrow heads highlight basal dendrites. Scale bars: 10 µm. ( e ) Analysis of the absolute basal dendrite number. n (CRISPRi-Ctrl-GFP) = 25 cells; n (CRISPRi-Dnmt1-GFP) = 25 cells. N = 4 experiments. Welch’s t-test, * p < 0.05. ( f, g ) Inverted microphotographs of exemplary βIII-tubulin immunocytochemically stained cortical neurons (E14.5 + 2 DIV) previously transfected with control ( f ) or Dnmt1 ( g ) siRNA at 1 DIV for 24 h. Scale bars: 20 µm. ( h-k ) Quantitative analysis of the length of the longest process ( h ), the number of processes ( i ), the branches normalized to the sum of the lengths of all processes (except the axon) presumably representing dendrites ( j ), and the branches per longest process length likely representing the axon ( k ). n (Ctrl siR) = 207 cells; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 197 cells. N = 3 experiments. Two-tailed Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with Dnmt1 (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-35203) or Dock7 siRNA (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-105312) additionally with 15 nM of the control siRNA Block-it TM control siRNA conjugated to Alexa555/488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA, #14750100/#2013) or conjugated to Cy5 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, #86921) using Lipofectamine TM 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Immunostaining, Labeling, Staining, Transfection, Control, Two Tailed Test

    ( a ) Scheme of the different generated Dnmt1 expression constructs demonstrating all their relevant functional domains, tags, and promotor. ( b ) Representative fluorescence microphotographs of N2a cells expressing siRNA resistant mNG-DNMT1 (WT, ΔCat, ΔpCat, ΔNLS) plasmids (green) 24 h post co-transfection with Dnmt1 siRNA and followed by immunostaining with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 10 µm. ( c ) Representative microphotograph of cortical neurons (E14.5 + 2 DIV) co-transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA and the different Dnmt1 plasmids (green) at 1 DIV for 24 h, which were later immunocytochemically stained for βIII-tubulin (TUBB3, magenta) and DAPI (blue). The white squares represent the respective magnification of the merge. Scale bars: 20 µm. ( d ) Exemplary inverted microphotographs of βIII-tubulin-stained cortical neurons (E14.5 + 2 DIV) under the same co-transfection conditions. Scale bars: 20 µm. ( e, f ) Analysis of the branches normalized to the longest process length presumably representing axons ( f ) and branches per length cumulated across all remaining process lengths likely representing dendrites ( e ). “+” indicates neurons, which were also successfully co-transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA for the downregulation of the endogenous Dnmt1 expression in addition to the Dnmt1 plasmids. n (D1-WT) = 141 cells; (D1-ΔCat) = 136 cells; n (D1-ΔpCat) = 98 cells; n (D1-ΔNLS) = 150 cells; n (Ctrl siR) = 153 cells; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 146 cells. N = 3 experiments. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc multiple comparison test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: A cytosolic function of DNMT1 controls neuronal morphogenesis via microtubule regulation

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.19.683279

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Scheme of the different generated Dnmt1 expression constructs demonstrating all their relevant functional domains, tags, and promotor. ( b ) Representative fluorescence microphotographs of N2a cells expressing siRNA resistant mNG-DNMT1 (WT, ΔCat, ΔpCat, ΔNLS) plasmids (green) 24 h post co-transfection with Dnmt1 siRNA and followed by immunostaining with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 10 µm. ( c ) Representative microphotograph of cortical neurons (E14.5 + 2 DIV) co-transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA and the different Dnmt1 plasmids (green) at 1 DIV for 24 h, which were later immunocytochemically stained for βIII-tubulin (TUBB3, magenta) and DAPI (blue). The white squares represent the respective magnification of the merge. Scale bars: 20 µm. ( d ) Exemplary inverted microphotographs of βIII-tubulin-stained cortical neurons (E14.5 + 2 DIV) under the same co-transfection conditions. Scale bars: 20 µm. ( e, f ) Analysis of the branches normalized to the longest process length presumably representing axons ( f ) and branches per length cumulated across all remaining process lengths likely representing dendrites ( e ). “+” indicates neurons, which were also successfully co-transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA for the downregulation of the endogenous Dnmt1 expression in addition to the Dnmt1 plasmids. n (D1-WT) = 141 cells; (D1-ΔCat) = 136 cells; n (D1-ΔpCat) = 98 cells; n (D1-ΔNLS) = 150 cells; n (Ctrl siR) = 153 cells; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 146 cells. N = 3 experiments. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc multiple comparison test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with Dnmt1 (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-35203) or Dock7 siRNA (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-105312) additionally with 15 nM of the control siRNA Block-it TM control siRNA conjugated to Alexa555/488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA, #14750100/#2013) or conjugated to Cy5 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, #86921) using Lipofectamine TM 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Generated, Expressing, Construct, Functional Assay, Fluorescence, Cotransfection, Immunostaining, Transfection, Staining, Comparison

    (a, b) Immunocytochemical staining for DNMT1 (red) and DAPI (blue) in a cortical neuron (E14.5 + 2 DIV) (a) and an N2a cell (b) , visualized by high-resolution STED microscopy. Scale bars: 5 µm. (c, d) Volcano plots showing proteins co-immunoprecipitated with DNMT1 from murine brain tissue lysates (3.5 months; c, Supplementary Data 1) and N2a cell lysates (d, Supplementary Data 2), identified by mass spectrometry. N = 4 biological replicates for each condition. (e, f) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of DNMT1 co-immunoprecipitated proteins from murine brain tissue (e) and N2a cells (f) , performed using the STRING database and ShinyGO (v0.82). (g) Representative STED micrograph of a fixed N2a cell cultured for 48 h, labeled with MitoTracker™ Deep Red FM (shown in false color green), DAPI (blue), and an antibody against DNMT1 (red). Scale bar: 5 µm. The white box indicates the magnified region shown in the inset (Scale bar: 2 µm). Nuclear signals were computationally removed to enhance visualization of the cytosolic compartment for further analysis. (h) Quantification of cytosolic colocalization between DNMT1 and mitochondria by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) compared to a rotated randomized control. n (ROIs) = 45; N (cells) = 15. Two-tailed Student’s t-test, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.0001.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: A cytosolic function of DNMT1 controls neuronal morphogenesis via microtubule regulation

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.19.683279

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (a, b) Immunocytochemical staining for DNMT1 (red) and DAPI (blue) in a cortical neuron (E14.5 + 2 DIV) (a) and an N2a cell (b) , visualized by high-resolution STED microscopy. Scale bars: 5 µm. (c, d) Volcano plots showing proteins co-immunoprecipitated with DNMT1 from murine brain tissue lysates (3.5 months; c, Supplementary Data 1) and N2a cell lysates (d, Supplementary Data 2), identified by mass spectrometry. N = 4 biological replicates for each condition. (e, f) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of DNMT1 co-immunoprecipitated proteins from murine brain tissue (e) and N2a cells (f) , performed using the STRING database and ShinyGO (v0.82). (g) Representative STED micrograph of a fixed N2a cell cultured for 48 h, labeled with MitoTracker™ Deep Red FM (shown in false color green), DAPI (blue), and an antibody against DNMT1 (red). Scale bar: 5 µm. The white box indicates the magnified region shown in the inset (Scale bar: 2 µm). Nuclear signals were computationally removed to enhance visualization of the cytosolic compartment for further analysis. (h) Quantification of cytosolic colocalization between DNMT1 and mitochondria by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) compared to a rotated randomized control. n (ROIs) = 45; N (cells) = 15. Two-tailed Student’s t-test, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.0001.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with Dnmt1 (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-35203) or Dock7 siRNA (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-105312) additionally with 15 nM of the control siRNA Block-it TM control siRNA conjugated to Alexa555/488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA, #14750100/#2013) or conjugated to Cy5 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, #86921) using Lipofectamine TM 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Staining, Microscopy, Immunoprecipitation, Mass Spectrometry, Cell Culture, Labeling, Control, Two Tailed Test

    (a) Representative images of cortical neurons (P0 + 4 DIV) co-transfected at DIV 3 with MT-dsRed (red) and the indicated Dnmt1 plasmid constructs (green) for 24 h. Scale bars: 10 µm. (b) Exemplary tracks of MT-dsRed–labeled mitochondria in cortical neurons under the respective Dnmt1 expression conditions. Non-motile mitochondria are indicated by white arrowheads; motile mitochondria are marked with colored stars (each color corresponds to one mitochondrion). White boxes in the overview images (first panel) indicate magnified regions shown across time frames. The final frame (sixth panel) displays temporal color coding of mitochondrial trajectories. Scale bars: 5 µm. (c) Representative kymographs illustrating mitochondrial motility under the respective conditions. (d) Quantification of the ratio of non-motile to motile mitochondria in cortical neurons (P0 + 4 DIV). “+” indicates neurons co-transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA to downregulate endogenous Dnmt1 expression in addition to the respective Dnmt1 expression constructs. N (D1-WT) = 39 ROIs; n (D1-ΔpCat) = 36 ROIs; n (D1-ΔNLS) = 35 ROIs; n (Ctrl siR) = 71 ROIs; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 75 ROIs. N = 4-7 independent experiments. Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc multiple comparison test, p < 0.01, p < 0.001. Data represent mean ± SEM.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: A cytosolic function of DNMT1 controls neuronal morphogenesis via microtubule regulation

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.19.683279

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Representative images of cortical neurons (P0 + 4 DIV) co-transfected at DIV 3 with MT-dsRed (red) and the indicated Dnmt1 plasmid constructs (green) for 24 h. Scale bars: 10 µm. (b) Exemplary tracks of MT-dsRed–labeled mitochondria in cortical neurons under the respective Dnmt1 expression conditions. Non-motile mitochondria are indicated by white arrowheads; motile mitochondria are marked with colored stars (each color corresponds to one mitochondrion). White boxes in the overview images (first panel) indicate magnified regions shown across time frames. The final frame (sixth panel) displays temporal color coding of mitochondrial trajectories. Scale bars: 5 µm. (c) Representative kymographs illustrating mitochondrial motility under the respective conditions. (d) Quantification of the ratio of non-motile to motile mitochondria in cortical neurons (P0 + 4 DIV). “+” indicates neurons co-transfected with Dnmt1 siRNA to downregulate endogenous Dnmt1 expression in addition to the respective Dnmt1 expression constructs. N (D1-WT) = 39 ROIs; n (D1-ΔpCat) = 36 ROIs; n (D1-ΔNLS) = 35 ROIs; n (Ctrl siR) = 71 ROIs; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 75 ROIs. N = 4-7 independent experiments. Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc multiple comparison test, p < 0.01, p < 0.001. Data represent mean ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with Dnmt1 (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-35203) or Dock7 siRNA (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-105312) additionally with 15 nM of the control siRNA Block-it TM control siRNA conjugated to Alexa555/488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA, #14750100/#2013) or conjugated to Cy5 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, #86921) using Lipofectamine TM 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Construct, Labeling, Expressing, Comparison

    ( a, b ) DOCK7 (TMW = 239 kDa, a ) and DNMT1 (TMW = 183 kDa, b ) protein interaction validated by DNMT1 co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis by using a specific antibody against DOCK7 and DNMT1 in E14.5 cortical lysates. N = 3 experiments. + = DNMT1-antibody pulldown, - = IgG-antibody pulldown. ( c ) Representative images of N2a cells (grown for 48 h) co-stained with conjugated antibodies directed against DNMT1 (red) and DOCK7 (green), additionally stained with DAPI (blue), and captured by high-resolution STED microscopy. Scale bars: 5 µm. The white squares depict the magnification of the merge. Scale bars: 2 µm. Overlapping volumes are highlighted by white arrowheads. ( d, e ) Analysis of cytosolic colocalization between DNMT1 and DOCK7 by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) ( d ) and the percentage of colocalized volumes ( e ) in comparison to the corresponding rotated and randomized controls. n (ROIs) = 133; N (cells) = 45. ( f ) Predicted interaction between DNMT1 and DOCK7 using MD simulations and docking methods (left figure). Specific hot spot residues for the interaction between DNMT1 and DOCK7 are represented in the right figure. Hydrogen bonding and salt bridge interactions are shown as black dashes. ( g, h ) Inverted microphotographs of exemplary βIII-tubulin immunocytochemically stained cortical neurons (E14.5 + 2 DIV) transfected with control ( g ) or Dock7 ( h ) siRNA at 1 DIV for 24 h. Scale bars: 20 µm. ( i-l ) Analysis of morphological parameters, such as the length of the longest process ( i ), the number of processes ( j ), the branches per length summed across all processes likely representing dendrites ( k ), and the branches normalized to the longest process length likely representing axons ( l ). n (Ctrl siR) = 207 cells; n ( Dock7 siR) = 198 cells. N = 3 experiments. Two-tailed Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: A cytosolic function of DNMT1 controls neuronal morphogenesis via microtubule regulation

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.19.683279

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a, b ) DOCK7 (TMW = 239 kDa, a ) and DNMT1 (TMW = 183 kDa, b ) protein interaction validated by DNMT1 co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis by using a specific antibody against DOCK7 and DNMT1 in E14.5 cortical lysates. N = 3 experiments. + = DNMT1-antibody pulldown, - = IgG-antibody pulldown. ( c ) Representative images of N2a cells (grown for 48 h) co-stained with conjugated antibodies directed against DNMT1 (red) and DOCK7 (green), additionally stained with DAPI (blue), and captured by high-resolution STED microscopy. Scale bars: 5 µm. The white squares depict the magnification of the merge. Scale bars: 2 µm. Overlapping volumes are highlighted by white arrowheads. ( d, e ) Analysis of cytosolic colocalization between DNMT1 and DOCK7 by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) ( d ) and the percentage of colocalized volumes ( e ) in comparison to the corresponding rotated and randomized controls. n (ROIs) = 133; N (cells) = 45. ( f ) Predicted interaction between DNMT1 and DOCK7 using MD simulations and docking methods (left figure). Specific hot spot residues for the interaction between DNMT1 and DOCK7 are represented in the right figure. Hydrogen bonding and salt bridge interactions are shown as black dashes. ( g, h ) Inverted microphotographs of exemplary βIII-tubulin immunocytochemically stained cortical neurons (E14.5 + 2 DIV) transfected with control ( g ) or Dock7 ( h ) siRNA at 1 DIV for 24 h. Scale bars: 20 µm. ( i-l ) Analysis of morphological parameters, such as the length of the longest process ( i ), the number of processes ( j ), the branches per length summed across all processes likely representing dendrites ( k ), and the branches normalized to the longest process length likely representing axons ( l ). n (Ctrl siR) = 207 cells; n ( Dock7 siR) = 198 cells. N = 3 experiments. Two-tailed Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with Dnmt1 (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-35203) or Dock7 siRNA (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-105312) additionally with 15 nM of the control siRNA Block-it TM control siRNA conjugated to Alexa555/488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA, #14750100/#2013) or conjugated to Cy5 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, #86921) using Lipofectamine TM 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot, Staining, Microscopy, Comparison, Transfection, Control, Two Tailed Test

    (a) Representative STED micrographs of a fixed N2a cell cultured for 48 h, labeled with MitoTracker™ Deep Red FM (Mito., false color green), DAPI (blue), and an antibody against DOCK7 (red). Scale bar: 5 µm. The white box indicates the magnified region shown in the merge (Scale bar: 2 µm). Nuclear signals were computationally removed to improve visualization of the cytosolic compartment. (b) Quantification of cytosolic colocalization between DOCK7 and mitochondria by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) compared to a rotated randomized control. n (ROIs) = 45; N (cells) = 15. Two-tailed Student’s t -test, p < 0.0001. (c) Representative images of cortical neurons (P0 + 4 DIV) co-transfected at DIV 3 with Alexa Fluor™ 555–labeled control siRNA (red) and MT-GFP plasmid (green) and imaged 24 h post-transfection. Scale bar: 10 µm. (d) Exemplary tracking of MT-GFP–labeled mitochondria in cortical neurons following control, Dnmt1 , or Dock7 siRNA treatment. Non-motile mitochondria are marked by white arrowheads, motile mitochondria by colored stars (each color indicates one mitochondrion). White boxes in overview images (first panel) mark the magnified regions shown over time. The last frame (sixth panel) depicts temporally color-coded mitochondrial trajectories. Scale bars: 5 µm. (e) Representative kymographs illustrating mitochondrial motility under the respective conditions. (f) Quantification of the ratio of non-motile to motile mitochondria in cortical neurons (P0 + 4 DIV) following control, Dnmt1 , or Dock7 siRNA-mediated knockdown for 24 h at DIV 3. N (Ctrl siR) = 35 ROIs; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 39 ROIs; n ( Dock7 siR) = 33 ROIs. N = 3 independent experiments. Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc multiple comparison test, p < 0.01, p < 0.001. Data are shown as mean ± SEM.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: A cytosolic function of DNMT1 controls neuronal morphogenesis via microtubule regulation

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.19.683279

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Representative STED micrographs of a fixed N2a cell cultured for 48 h, labeled with MitoTracker™ Deep Red FM (Mito., false color green), DAPI (blue), and an antibody against DOCK7 (red). Scale bar: 5 µm. The white box indicates the magnified region shown in the merge (Scale bar: 2 µm). Nuclear signals were computationally removed to improve visualization of the cytosolic compartment. (b) Quantification of cytosolic colocalization between DOCK7 and mitochondria by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) compared to a rotated randomized control. n (ROIs) = 45; N (cells) = 15. Two-tailed Student’s t -test, p < 0.0001. (c) Representative images of cortical neurons (P0 + 4 DIV) co-transfected at DIV 3 with Alexa Fluor™ 555–labeled control siRNA (red) and MT-GFP plasmid (green) and imaged 24 h post-transfection. Scale bar: 10 µm. (d) Exemplary tracking of MT-GFP–labeled mitochondria in cortical neurons following control, Dnmt1 , or Dock7 siRNA treatment. Non-motile mitochondria are marked by white arrowheads, motile mitochondria by colored stars (each color indicates one mitochondrion). White boxes in overview images (first panel) mark the magnified regions shown over time. The last frame (sixth panel) depicts temporally color-coded mitochondrial trajectories. Scale bars: 5 µm. (e) Representative kymographs illustrating mitochondrial motility under the respective conditions. (f) Quantification of the ratio of non-motile to motile mitochondria in cortical neurons (P0 + 4 DIV) following control, Dnmt1 , or Dock7 siRNA-mediated knockdown for 24 h at DIV 3. N (Ctrl siR) = 35 ROIs; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 39 ROIs; n ( Dock7 siR) = 33 ROIs. N = 3 independent experiments. Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc multiple comparison test, p < 0.01, p < 0.001. Data are shown as mean ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with Dnmt1 (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-35203) or Dock7 siRNA (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-105312) additionally with 15 nM of the control siRNA Block-it TM control siRNA conjugated to Alexa555/488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA, #14750100/#2013) or conjugated to Cy5 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, #86921) using Lipofectamine TM 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Cell Culture, Labeling, Control, Two Tailed Test, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Knockdown, Comparison

    ( a, b ) Live cell imaging analysis capturing mitochondria accumulation using the MitoTracker TM Deep Red FM prior to branch formation in N2a cells 24 h after control, Dnmt1 , or Dock7 siRNA transfection. The white squares in the first panel indicate the magnified regions shown for each time frame. (a) Inverted grayscale images of mitochondria accumulation at branch initiation sites, Scale bars: 10 µm. The MitoTracker TM integrated density, normalized to the corresponding integrated density of the same position in the first frame, at prospective branchpoints is shown in ( b ). n (Ctrl siR) = 22 cells with 54 events; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 13 cells with 24 events; n ( Dock7 siR) = 21 cells with 43 events. N = 4 experiments. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc multiple comparison test, ** p < 0.01. ( c, d ) Analysis of the branch formation time ( c ) and exemplary tracking of a branching event (from the first mitochondria accumulation puncta to the formation of the branch) ( d ). The white squares in the first panel indicate the magnified regions shown for each time frame. Scale bars: 20 µm. n (Ctrl siR) = 22 cells with 54 events; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 13 cells with 24 events; n ( Dock7 siR) = 21 cells with 43 events. N = 4 experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc multiple comparison test, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: A cytosolic function of DNMT1 controls neuronal morphogenesis via microtubule regulation

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.19.683279

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a, b ) Live cell imaging analysis capturing mitochondria accumulation using the MitoTracker TM Deep Red FM prior to branch formation in N2a cells 24 h after control, Dnmt1 , or Dock7 siRNA transfection. The white squares in the first panel indicate the magnified regions shown for each time frame. (a) Inverted grayscale images of mitochondria accumulation at branch initiation sites, Scale bars: 10 µm. The MitoTracker TM integrated density, normalized to the corresponding integrated density of the same position in the first frame, at prospective branchpoints is shown in ( b ). n (Ctrl siR) = 22 cells with 54 events; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 13 cells with 24 events; n ( Dock7 siR) = 21 cells with 43 events. N = 4 experiments. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc multiple comparison test, ** p < 0.01. ( c, d ) Analysis of the branch formation time ( c ) and exemplary tracking of a branching event (from the first mitochondria accumulation puncta to the formation of the branch) ( d ). The white squares in the first panel indicate the magnified regions shown for each time frame. Scale bars: 20 µm. n (Ctrl siR) = 22 cells with 54 events; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 13 cells with 24 events; n ( Dock7 siR) = 21 cells with 43 events. N = 4 experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc multiple comparison test, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with Dnmt1 (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-35203) or Dock7 siRNA (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-105312) additionally with 15 nM of the control siRNA Block-it TM control siRNA conjugated to Alexa555/488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA, #14750100/#2013) or conjugated to Cy5 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, #86921) using Lipofectamine TM 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Live Cell Imaging, Control, Transfection, Comparison

    ( a, b ) Microphotographs of cortical neurons ( a, Scale bars: 20 µm) and N2a cells ( b, Scale bars: 40 µm), which were transfected with control, Dnmt1 , or Dock7 siRNA for 24 h after growing for one day, co-stained for DAPI (blue), ßIII-tubulin (TUBB3, green), and acetylated tubulin (AcTUB, magenta). ( c, d ) Analysis of the integrated density for the acetylated tubulin (AcTUB) normalized to the βIII-tubulin (TUBB3) integrated density after the respective knockdown in cortical neurons ( c ) and N2a cells ( d ). N = 3 experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc multiple comparison test, * p < 0.05, **** p < 0.0001. ( e, f ) Analysis of the acetylated tubulin (AcTUB) integrated density normalized to the βIII-tubulin (TUBB3) integrated density after the RG108 inhibitor treatment in cortical neurons ( e ) and N2a cells ( f ). N = 3 experiments. Two-tailed Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05. For ( c, e ): n (Ctrl siR) = 314 cells; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 263 cells; n ( Dock7 siR) = 277 cells; n (DMSO) = 365 cells; n (RG108) = 358 cells. For ( d, f ): n (Ctrl siR) = 279 cells; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 117 cells; n ( Dock7 siR) = 175 cells; n (DMSO) = 506 cells; n (RG108) = 525 cells. ( g, h ) Western blots revealing protein bands of STMN1 ( g , TMW = 17 kDa) and the phosphorylated version of STMN1 ( h , S16-P) (TMW = 17 kDa) in cortical single cell lysates (E14.5 + 2 DIV) treated previously with control, Dnmt1 , or Dock7 siRNA at 1 DIV for 24 h. γ-tubulin ( g , h , TUBG1, TMW = 51 kDa) was used as a housekeeper. ( i, j ) Analysis of the mean grey value of STMN1 normalized against TUBG1 ( i ) and the mean grey value of the phosphorylated version of STMN1 (S16-P) ( j ) normalized against STMN1. N = 3 experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc multiple comparison test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: A cytosolic function of DNMT1 controls neuronal morphogenesis via microtubule regulation

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.19.683279

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a, b ) Microphotographs of cortical neurons ( a, Scale bars: 20 µm) and N2a cells ( b, Scale bars: 40 µm), which were transfected with control, Dnmt1 , or Dock7 siRNA for 24 h after growing for one day, co-stained for DAPI (blue), ßIII-tubulin (TUBB3, green), and acetylated tubulin (AcTUB, magenta). ( c, d ) Analysis of the integrated density for the acetylated tubulin (AcTUB) normalized to the βIII-tubulin (TUBB3) integrated density after the respective knockdown in cortical neurons ( c ) and N2a cells ( d ). N = 3 experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc multiple comparison test, * p < 0.05, **** p < 0.0001. ( e, f ) Analysis of the acetylated tubulin (AcTUB) integrated density normalized to the βIII-tubulin (TUBB3) integrated density after the RG108 inhibitor treatment in cortical neurons ( e ) and N2a cells ( f ). N = 3 experiments. Two-tailed Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05. For ( c, e ): n (Ctrl siR) = 314 cells; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 263 cells; n ( Dock7 siR) = 277 cells; n (DMSO) = 365 cells; n (RG108) = 358 cells. For ( d, f ): n (Ctrl siR) = 279 cells; n ( Dnmt1 siR) = 117 cells; n ( Dock7 siR) = 175 cells; n (DMSO) = 506 cells; n (RG108) = 525 cells. ( g, h ) Western blots revealing protein bands of STMN1 ( g , TMW = 17 kDa) and the phosphorylated version of STMN1 ( h , S16-P) (TMW = 17 kDa) in cortical single cell lysates (E14.5 + 2 DIV) treated previously with control, Dnmt1 , or Dock7 siRNA at 1 DIV for 24 h. γ-tubulin ( g , h , TUBG1, TMW = 51 kDa) was used as a housekeeper. ( i, j ) Analysis of the mean grey value of STMN1 normalized against TUBG1 ( i ) and the mean grey value of the phosphorylated version of STMN1 (S16-P) ( j ) normalized against STMN1. N = 3 experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc multiple comparison test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: Cells were transfected with Dnmt1 (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-35203) or Dock7 siRNA (30 nM, Santa Cruz, USA, #sc-105312) additionally with 15 nM of the control siRNA Block-it TM control siRNA conjugated to Alexa555/488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA, #14750100/#2013) or conjugated to Cy5 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, #86921) using Lipofectamine TM 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Transfection, Control, Staining, Knockdown, Comparison, Two Tailed Test, Western Blot